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AI-Powered Verification: The Future of Nuclear Treaty Oversight

Update The Rise of AI in Nuclear Arms Monitoring The recent expiration of the New START treaty between the US and Russia on February 5, 2026, marks a significant turning point in international nuclear oversight. No longer bound by decades of diplomacy, both nations are poised to navigate a volatile arms landscape. Amidst this uncertainty, some experts propose a radical solution: leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and satellite technology to monitor nuclear arsenals from afar. Matt Korda, associate director at the Federation of American Scientists, describes this concept in their report titled Inspections Without Inspectors, where AI takes up the role once held by human inspectors. The Concept of Cooperative Technical Means Korda's vision hinges on the idea of "cooperative technical means," which involves using existing satellite infrastructure to surveil intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) silos, mobile rocket launchers, and plutonium production sites. By utilizing AI trained in pattern recognition, it could identify changes in these facilities without the need for intrusive inspections. Yet, this approach, while ingenious, is fraught with challenges. The Trust Deficit in AI Arms Control Critics, including Sara Al-Sayed from the Union of Concerned Scientists, highlight the inherent trust issues regarding AI systems. The scarcity of well-curated training datasets, coupled with existing biases in AI, raises concerns about reliability. Without transparency into how these models function, the stakes of nuclear non-proliferation are alarmingly high. Al-Sayed questions how nations can negotiate the specifics of AI verification systems, especially when existing treaties are already undervalued. If nations were to engage in another round of talks, the atmosphere of suspicion may hinder meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Lessons from History: Negotiation vs. Surveillance Historically, arms control treaties have relied on direct engagement and trust, fostering a diplomatic environment that enabled negotiations to reduce nuclear stockpiles from over 60,000 in 1985 to approximately 12,000 today. The direct human oversight of on-site inspections served as a critical bridge across political divides. Comparatively, AI-based oversight may lack this essential human component, leading to a fear of further fragmentation in international relations. Technological Solutions and Their Imperfections Despite its potential, Korda acknowledges that AI systems are imperfect—an assertion echoed by Al-Sayed. These AI applications must analyze massive amounts of data to accurately monitor weapons systems. As both scholars underscore, the datasets necessary for robust AI training on nuclear surveillance are minimal, leading to a prospect that may not align perfectly with strategic verification needs. In this light, AI and remote monitoring are seen as a last resort; adopting poorly functioning technology could lead to misinterpretations with devastating consequences. While proponents envision AI as a supplement to arms control, the reality is it may only act as a temporary measure amidst an impending arms race. Moving Forward: A Call for Global Collaboration The push for AI surveillance reflects a broader plea for nations to cooperate amid rising geopolitical tensions. While the prospect of remote verification is daunting, it underscores an urgent need for collaborative frameworks in arms control. The challenge ahead is not only technological but also psychological; countries must foster a culture of openness to facilitate discussions on AI-enabled verification systems. As nations adjust to a new paradigm of interaction, the stakes are higher than ever: non-engagement may yield consequences that reach farther than what traditional treaties ever faced. In conclusion, AI's role in monitoring nuclear capabilities presents both a potential paradigm shift and a significant risk. For now, embracing AI as a necessary tool may bridge the gap left by traditional treaties—but it must come with rigorous oversight and international cooperation.